Resource: Comparative espionage offences

This document contains extracts of espionage offences from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

While every effort has been made to identify relevant offences, this document is not intended to be a comprehensive analysis of all offences that could potentially apply. All offences need to be understood within the legal contexts that they operate. Regard should be had to the original resources.

This document was produced in April 2025 and laws may have changed after this document was compiled.